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1%, and an area under the precision recall curve of 0.78, while the three radiologists showed a sensitivity of 87.8% ± 8.5%, specificity of 50.3% ± 16.4%, PPV of 61.1% ± 5.4%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 84.1% ± 6.6%, and accuracy of 67.7% ± 5.7%. In the three external independent test sets, AI and human readers achieved sensitivity of 74.0% ± 0.14% versus 89.9% ± 0.06% (p = .25), specificity of 64.4% ± 0.11% versus 50.1 ± 0.20% (p = .22), PPV of 68.3% ± 0.04% versus 65.4 ± 0.07% (p = .50), NPV of 72.6% ± 0.11% versus 82.1% ± 0.08% (p = .33), and accuracy of 69.5% ± 0.06% versus 70.1% ± 0.07% (p = .90), respectively. These preliminary results indicate AI has comparable performance to trained radiologists and could be used to predict the presence of metastasis in ultrasound images of axillary lymph nodes.Factors that affect physical activity (PA) behavior change are well established. Behavioral intention is a strong psychological predictor of behavior; however, there is less research on the factors that affect the intention to increase PA participation specifically, especially among adults in mid and later life who are inactive. Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, which was informed by the transtheoretical model (TTM), this study investigated the relationships between a range of demographic and biopsychosocial factors with the intention to become physically active among 1,159 inactive adults aged 40 years and older. Comparisons were made between participants reporting the intention to begin PA in the next 30 days (TTM Preparation; n = 610), 6 months (TTM Contemplation; n = 216), or not at all (TTM Precontemplation; n = 333). First, multinomial logistic regression identified age, sex, ethnicity, education, restriction of activities, self-perceived health, and community belonging as factors significantly associated with 30-day PA intention, while age and ethnicity were significantly associated with 6-month PA intention, compared with those reporting no intention. GSK-3 inhibitor Second, binary logistic regression revealed that education was the only factor that differentially associated with intention timeframe as participants with lower levels of education were less likely to report PA intention in 30 days compared with 6 months. Findings demonstrate key demographic, biopsychosocial, and temporal factors that warrant consideration for tailored PA promotion programs that aim to effectively address the constraints and barriers that negatively influence PA intention among middle-aged and older adults.Significance An understanding of the physiology of wound healing and scarring is necessary in order to minimize surgical scar formation. By reducing tension across the healing wound, eliminating excess inflammation and infection, and encouraging perfusion to healing areas, surgeons can support healing and minimize scarring. Recent Advances Preoperatively, newer techniques focused on incision placement to minimize tension, skin sterilization to minimize infection and inflammation, and control of comorbid factors to promote a healing process with minimal scarring are constantly evolving. Intraoperatively, measures like layered closure, undermining, and tissue expansion can be taken to relieve tension across the healing wound. Appropriate suture technique and selection should be considered, and finally, there are new surgical technologies available to reduce tension across the closure. Postoperatively, the healing process can be supported as proliferation and remodeling take place within the wound. A balance of moisture control, tension reduction, and infection prevention can be achieved with dressings, ointments, and silicone. Vitamins and corticosteroids can also affect the scarring process by modulating the cellular factors involved in healing. Critical Issues Healing with no or minimal scarring is the ultimate goal of wound healing research. Understanding how mechanical tension, inflammation and infection, and perfusion and hypoxia impact pro-fibrotic pathways allows for the development of therapies that can modulate cytokine response and the wound extracellular microenvironment to reduce fibrosis and scarring. Future Directions New tension-off loading topical treatments, laser, and dermabrasion devices are under development, and immunomodulation has demonstrated scarless wound healing in animal models, providing a promising new direction for future research aimed to minimize surgical scarring.Although visual examination (VE) is the preferred method for caries detection, the analysis of intraoral digital photographs in machine-readable form can be considered equivalent to VE. While photographic images are rarely used in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes, they are the fundamental requirement for automated image analysis when using artificial intelligence (AI) methods. Considering that AI has not been used for automatic caries detection on intraoral images so far, this diagnostic study aimed to develop a deep learning approach with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for caries detection and categorization (test method) and to compare the diagnostic performance with respect to expert standards. The study material consisted of 2,417 anonymized photographs from permanent teeth with 1,317 occlusal and 1,100 smooth surfaces. All the images were evaluated into the following categories caries free, noncavitated caries lesion, or caries-related cavitation. Each expert diagnosis served as a reference standard for cyclic training and repeated evaluation of the AI methods. The CNN was trained using image augmentation and transfer learning. Before training, the entire image set was divided into a training and test set. Validation was conducted by selecting 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the available images from the training set. The statistical analysis included calculations of the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The CNN was able to correctly detect caries in 92.5% of cases when all test images were considered (SE, 89.6; SP, 94.3; AUC, 0.964). If the threshold of caries-related cavitation was chosen, 93.3% of all tooth surfaces were correctly classified (SE, 95.7; SP, 81.5; AUC, 0.955). It can be concluded that it was possible to achieve more than 90% agreement in caries detection using the AI method with standardized, single-tooth photographs. Nevertheless, the current approach needs further improvement.Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is considered one of the most promising treatments in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the safety and effectiveness of MSCs in the treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia patients need to be systematically reviewed and analyzed. Two independent researchers searched for relevant studies published between October 2019 and April 2021 in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, WAN FANG, and CNKI databases. All relevant randomized controlled trials, clinically controlled studies, retrospective studies, case reports, letters (with valid data), and case series were included in this meta-analysis. A fixed-effects model and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to analyze the results. A total of 22 studies involving 371 patients were included in the present study. Allogeneic MSCs from umbilical cord, adipose tissue, menstrual blood, placental tissue, Wharton's jelly, or unreported sources were administered in 247 participants. Combined results revealed that MSC therapy significantly reduced the incidence of adverse events (odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% CI. = 0.22~0.84, P = 0.01) and mortality (OR = 0.17, 95% CI. = 0.06~0.49, P less then 0.01), and the difference compared with control group was statistically significant. No serious MSC treatment-related adverse events were reported. Lung function, radiographic outcomes, and inflammation- and immunity-related biomarker levels all showed improving trends. Therefore, MSC therapy is an effective and safe method for the treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia and shows advantages in reducing adverse events and mortality. However, a standard and effective MSC treatment program must be developed. Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) can be used to assess alignment and rotation of the first metatarsal. It is unknown whether these measures remain consistent on sequential WBCTs in the same patient when a patient's standing position may be different. The aim of this study was to establish the repeatability (test-retest) of measurements of first metatarsal alignment and rotation in patients without forefoot pathology on WBCT. We retrospectively identified 42 feet in 26 patients with sequential WBCT studies less than 12 months apart. Patients with surgery between scans, previous forefoot surgery or hallux rigidus were excluded. Hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were measured using digitally reconstructed radiographs. Two methods of calculating metatarsal rotation (metatarsal pronation angle [MPA] and alpha angle) were measured on standardized coronal CT slices. Interobserver agreement and test-retest repeatability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)itudinal patient care. Level IV, retrospective case series. Level IV, retrospective case series. Diabetes is a major source of neuropathy and neuropathic pain that is set to continue growing in prevalence. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and pain associated with diabetes are not adequately managed by current treatment regimens. Perhaps the greatest difficulty in treating DPN is the complex pathophysiology, which involves aspects of metabolic disruption and neurotrophic deficits, along with neuroimmune interactions. There is therefore an urgent need to pursue novel therapeutic options targeting the key cellular and molecular players. Recent Advances To that end, cellular targeting becomes an increasingly compelling drug delivery option as our knowledge of neuroimmune interactions continues to mount. These nanomedicine-based approaches afford a potentially unparalleled specificity and longevity of drug targeting, using novel or established compounds, all while minimizing off-target effects. DPN therapeutics directly targeted at the nervous system make up the bulk of currently available treatment options. However, there are significant opportunities based on targeting of non-neuronal cells and neuroimmune interactions in DPN. Nanomedicine-based agents represent an exciting opportunity for the treatment of DPN with the goals of improving the efficacy and safety profile of analgesia, as well as restoring peripheral neuroregenerative capacity. Nanomedicine-based agents represent an exciting opportunity for the treatment of DPN with the goals of improving the efficacy and safety profile of analgesia, as well as restoring peripheral neuroregenerative capacity.Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The sheer number of lncRNAs in the human genome has raised important questions about their potential biological significance and roles in human health and disease. Technological and computational advances have enabled functional annotation of a large number of lncRNAs. Though the number of publications related to lncRNAs has escalated in recent years, relatively few have focused on those involved in hepatic physiology and pathology. We provide an overview of evolving lncRNA classification systems and characteristics and highlight important advances in our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to liver disease, with a focus on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholestatic liver disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022.